Project

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background Information

Power cables that are used to deliver electrical power are placed underground in order to avoid unnecessary interference. This makes it very difficult to determine the exact location of the faults that occur. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a software simulation model that determines the distance of the cable fault from the base station in kilometers and display it over the LCD. Underground power cable system is a common practice followed in major urban areas.A fault might occur due to a multitude of reasons such as digging, earthquake, construction work, etc. The
repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to unknown location of the fault in the cable. This impediment is tackled with the help of optical fiber system. A bunch of optical fibers is placed along with the power cables. The optical fiber system constantly measures various parameters (such as voltage, current and
temperature of the cable) at multiple checkpoints located at regular intervals on the power cable. As soon as a fault occurs, the values of the parameters of the surrounding checkpoints change “abnormally”. The data corresponding to the particular location of the checkpoints surrounding the fault is obtained. Hence the approximate distance of the cable fault is located using this method. After the approximate location, has been identified, high voltage pulses are transmitted over the faulty cable to determine the exact location of the fault. In our model, we intend to demonstrate the methodology employed to find out the exact location of the fault and to send data in graphical format to a dedicated website together with on board LCD display. Instead of using optical fibers, the model uses the standard theory of Ohms law, i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (cable lines), then the current would vary depending upon the location of the fault in
the cable as the resistance is proportional to the distance. Hence the potential drop would also vary across each resistor. These potential drop variations are used to determine the location of the fault. Programs uploaded in Arduino UNO kit to detect faults from the underground cables. When a fault occurs in the underground cables, we can find out faults through Arduino controller kit. LCD display which displays the faults in Kilometers. In this
project, we created faults manually. Cable has many types. Every cable has different resistance which depends upon the material used. The value of the resistance is depending upon the length of the cable. In here resistance is the leading role of the
project. If any deviation occurs in the resistance, the value of the voltage will be changed that particular point is called FAULT. We are finding out those faults. Faults have many types. Frequently occurs the faults are given below;

•  Short Circuit Fault

•  Open Circuit Fault

• Earth Fault

Short Circuit Fault: A short circuit fault occurs when there is an insulation failure between phase conductors or between phase conductor(s) and earth or both. An insulation failure results into formation of a short circuit path that triggers a short- circuit conditions in the circuit.
Open Circuit Fault: An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some failure. If the circuit is not closed that is called open circuit fault.
Earth Fault: An earth fault is an inadvertent contact between an energized conductor and earth or equipment frame. The return path of the fault current is through the grounding system and any personnel or equipment that becomes part of that system.

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